Internal credit enhancement 與External credit enhancement的差異在哪里?下面就具體解釋一下吧!
Credit enhancements:are provisions that may be used to reduce the credit risk of the bond issue.
信用增強(qiáng)是用于可以減少信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的多種條款,因此,可以增加發(fā)行人的信用質(zhì)量和降低債券的收益率,信用增強(qiáng)常用于資產(chǎn)抵押證券中。信用增強(qiáng)分為兩類,內(nèi)部和外部。
Internal credit enhancement (內(nèi)部信用加強(qiáng)):
Subordination (次級(jí)化/分層) : waterfall structure, tranches.
Overcollateralization (超額抵押): post more collateral than is needed to obtain or secure financing.
Excess spread (超額利差): more cash flow received from the assets used to secure the issue than the interest paid to investors.
內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng):
內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng)依賴于債券發(fā)行的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。包括如下幾種:
次級(jí)化/分層:對(duì)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分層,是最常見的內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng)技術(shù)。資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流根據(jù)不同的優(yōu)先等級(jí)順序而進(jìn)行償還,先償付最高等級(jí)的然后對(duì)次等級(jí)的依次償付。
超額抵押:是從本金的角度考慮的,抵押品的價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于發(fā)行債務(wù)的價(jià)值,比如發(fā)行了100元的債券但是抵押品價(jià)值110萬(wàn),超額抵押了10萬(wàn)。
超額利差:抵押品本身是產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)金流的,每期產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流大于利息的支出,收入大于支出,所以有足夠的資本償還。
External credit enhancement (外部信用加強(qiáng)):
Surety bond (履約保證): reimburse investors for any losses incurred if the issuer defaults, by an insurance company.
Bank guarantee(銀行擔(dān)保): same as surety bond but by a bank.
Letter of credit(信用證): promise to lend money to issuing entity for any cash flow shortfalls.
外部信用加強(qiáng):
會(huì)有第三方的財(cái)務(wù)擔(dān)保,或者說(shuō)有擔(dān)保人。常見的外部信用加強(qiáng)包括履約擔(dān)保,銀行擔(dān)保和信用證:
履約保證:有背書,相當(dāng)于給發(fā)行的債券購(gòu)買了保險(xiǎn),履約保證和銀行擔(dān)保有些類似,都是發(fā)行人違約時(shí)會(huì)賠償給債券持有者。兩者的區(qū)別是銀行擔(dān)保是銀行發(fā)行的,而履約擔(dān)保是保險(xiǎn)公司發(fā)行的。
銀行擔(dān)保:發(fā)行者違約,投資者可以找銀行還款。
信用證:發(fā)行者違約,銀行先把款借給發(fā)行者還款。現(xiàn)在信用證用的較少,因?yàn)樘峁┬庞米C的信用機(jī)構(gòu)的信用等級(jí)下降會(huì)造成金融危機(jī)。
例:Which of the following is least likely to be a form of internal credit enhancement associated with a corporate bond issue?
A.Debt overcollateralization
B. Letter of credit
C. Debt subordination
解析:B is correct,A letter of credit is a form of external credit enhancement in which a financial institution provides the issuer with a credit line to be used for any cash flow shortfalls related to its debt issue.
信用證是屬于外部信用加強(qiáng)。
Credit enhancements:are provisions that may be used to reduce the credit risk of the bond issue.
信用增強(qiáng)是用于可以減少信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的多種條款,因此,可以增加發(fā)行人的信用質(zhì)量和降低債券的收益率,信用增強(qiáng)常用于資產(chǎn)抵押證券中。信用增強(qiáng)分為兩類,內(nèi)部和外部。
Internal credit enhancement (內(nèi)部信用加強(qiáng)):
Subordination (次級(jí)化/分層) : waterfall structure, tranches.
Overcollateralization (超額抵押): post more collateral than is needed to obtain or secure financing.
Excess spread (超額利差): more cash flow received from the assets used to secure the issue than the interest paid to investors.
內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng):
內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng)依賴于債券發(fā)行的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。包括如下幾種:
次級(jí)化/分層:對(duì)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分層,是最常見的內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng)技術(shù)。資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流根據(jù)不同的優(yōu)先等級(jí)順序而進(jìn)行償還,先償付最高等級(jí)的然后對(duì)次等級(jí)的依次償付。
超額抵押:是從本金的角度考慮的,抵押品的價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于發(fā)行債務(wù)的價(jià)值,比如發(fā)行了100元的債券但是抵押品價(jià)值110萬(wàn),超額抵押了10萬(wàn)。
超額利差:抵押品本身是產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)金流的,每期產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流大于利息的支出,收入大于支出,所以有足夠的資本償還。
External credit enhancement (外部信用加強(qiáng)):
Surety bond (履約保證): reimburse investors for any losses incurred if the issuer defaults, by an insurance company.
Bank guarantee(銀行擔(dān)保): same as surety bond but by a bank.
Letter of credit(信用證): promise to lend money to issuing entity for any cash flow shortfalls.
外部信用加強(qiáng):
會(huì)有第三方的財(cái)務(wù)擔(dān)保,或者說(shuō)有擔(dān)保人。常見的外部信用加強(qiáng)包括履約擔(dān)保,銀行擔(dān)保和信用證:
履約保證:有背書,相當(dāng)于給發(fā)行的債券購(gòu)買了保險(xiǎn),履約保證和銀行擔(dān)保有些類似,都是發(fā)行人違約時(shí)會(huì)賠償給債券持有者。兩者的區(qū)別是銀行擔(dān)保是銀行發(fā)行的,而履約擔(dān)保是保險(xiǎn)公司發(fā)行的。
銀行擔(dān)保:發(fā)行者違約,投資者可以找銀行還款。
信用證:發(fā)行者違約,銀行先把款借給發(fā)行者還款。現(xiàn)在信用證用的較少,因?yàn)樘峁┬庞米C的信用機(jī)構(gòu)的信用等級(jí)下降會(huì)造成金融危機(jī)。
例:Which of the following is least likely to be a form of internal credit enhancement associated with a corporate bond issue?
A.Debt overcollateralization
B. Letter of credit
C. Debt subordination
解析:B is correct,A letter of credit is a form of external credit enhancement in which a financial institution provides the issuer with a credit line to be used for any cash flow shortfalls related to its debt issue.
信用證是屬于外部信用加強(qiáng)。